Wednesday, November 18, 2015

DOLLAR CERTIFICATES AND THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK

DOLLAR CERTIFICATES AND THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK. 
 
The privilege of issuing dollar certificates 
was first granted to the Yokohama Kawase Kwaisha
 in March, 1870, in order to satisfy a want felt
 by Yokohama traders, who, not being accustomed 
to the use of bills issued by foreign banks, were 
cheated by forged bills, and to whom the actual 
carrying about of dollars in their pockets was burdensome.
 The original certificates were made by the Tsushioshi
 (the Board of Trade). They were poor in design and material. 
Hence, through the medium of tiie Oriental Banking 
Corporation, the manufacture of s. 10, 20, 50, 100, 
5oo, and 1000 dollar certificates, to the amount of
 1,5oo,ooo dollars, was ordered from 
Perkins &Bacons, of London; the old H'a were 
withdrawn after the arrival of the new ones 
from England. The plan was to issue the 
certificates to the full amount for dollars
 received froii foreign banks in payment of 
bills presented 
to them by exporters. The Government
 exercised the utmost watchfulness over 
these transactions, insisting on seeing
 whether dcllan, were reserved as declared,
 and even going so far as t j seal up all the 
reserve except 6o.ckx) yen which was left to 
meet casual demands. Under the National Bank Act 
of 1872, the above-mentioned company 
transformed itself into the Second National Bank, 
and although the issue of notes except bank notes 
was pro- habited by the act, the practical need felt 
among Yokohama traders made it impossible to do away
 at c nee with the dollar certificates. An act was 
passed in 1874, Law No. 100. to regulate them. by
 this act Government bonds or land certificates to 
tiie amount of one-third of the circulation had to 
be invested in the Treasury, and it was consequently
 ordered that the business of the certificate department 
should be clearly separated from the general banking business. 
Though these certificates circulated fairly well, and very few, 
as shown in the table on following pages, were actually presented 

for conversion, they became no longer admissible after the 
of the Convertible Bank Note Act (Law No. 18) in May, 1884,
 according to which the issue of the
 certificates was to cease within a year. 

national banks cannot enter into correspondence with banks abroad

According to the present JAPAN act,
1883 national banks cannot enter into 
correspondence with banks abroad.
 This is quite against the 
future expansion of business. 
The act is full of other restrictions, 
and it restrains the freedom of action 
so much needed in the banking business. 
Moreover, such privileges as it confers 
should not be granted in profusion,
or for long periods. 

Thursday, November 5, 2015

Rare China Japan Banknotes and Banking

日本銀行 Nippon Ginko history

Rare China Japan Banknotes and Banking
Bank of Japan was founded after the Meiji Restoration. Prior to the Restoration, Japan's feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations, but the New Currency Act of Meiji 4 (1871) did away with these and established the yen as the new decimal currency, which had parity with the Mexican silver dollar.The former han (fiefs) became prefectures and their mints became private chartered banks which, however, initially retained the right to print money. For a time both the central government and these so-called national banks issued money. A period of unanticipated consequences was ended when the Bank of Japan was founded in Meiji 15 1882 after a Belgian model. It has since been partly privately owned its stock is traded over the counter, hence the stock number. A number of modifications based on other national banks were encompassed within the regulations under which the bank was founded.The institution was given a monopoly on controlling the money supply in 1884, but it would be another 20 years before the previously issued notes were retired.

https://www.facebook.com/groups/760234664104595/

https://www.facebook.com/groups/760234664104595/
Rao Md Flutein's photo.

中国地图上检查未使用的已取消的极少

中國債券列印在印度當中國思想更好地運作更有用的債券,這種時期中國支票銀行和銀行的電子郵件通信的兩次世界大戰期間我在使用第 60 元美国加邮费 HTTP://yokuhama1866.blogspot.in/ telugu@yandex.com

中国地图上检查未使用的已取消的极
中国地图上检查签名的中国稀有的密封环现在看来不寻常 , 们所有已取消的极少中国地上的检查
研究
 

印度西部Yokuhama$ 25,1866年央行,布,桑椹,中国的银行支票债券,交通银行,罕见的。中国的纸币,纸币印饶,泰卢固语

印度西部Yokuhama$ 25,1866年央行,布,桑椹,中国的银行支票债券,交通银行,罕见的。中国的纸币,纸币印,musham damodhar饶,泰卢固语telugu@ yandex.com8686211191 http://yokuhama1866.blogspot.in

CHINA BOND USED IN BOMBAY VERY RARE LOCATION


 CHINA BOND USED IN BOMBAY VERY

 RARE LOCATION


Banknotes of denominations below $5 were not allowed to be issued

Banknotes of denominations below $5 
were not allowed to be issued

YOKOHAMA ONLY KNOWN NOTE 

KNOWN IN CIRCULATION

Most banknotes in have been issued by commercial banks rather than by a central bank, as
in other places. Regulation of banknote issue in nineteenth-century Japan
and China was loose. The government accepted payments in banknotes for taxes and fees
only from banks incorporated by Royal Charter or under the Colonial
Regulations. But this did not prevent other banks from issuing notes.
Banknotes of denominations below $5 were not allowed to be issued without special
government permission: the aim was to prevent banknotes getting into the hands of
poorer people, who would suffer more in the event of a bank collapse. Three note-issuing
banks did, in fact, collapse in the nineteenth century: the Agra and Master man’s
Bank and the Commercial Bank Corporation of India and the East during the global
financial crisis of 1866, and the Oriental Bank Corporation — one of the main note-issuers
in 1884.
In 1878 the redemption of paper money has increased national debt, the Japanese
government has sold silver worth of 2,300,000 yen in April, In 1880 the government
against sold 6,600,000 yen of silver to increase the value of paper money but they did
not help at all. The government also prohibited the sale of gold and silver when the
stock exchange took up the devaluation of paper money. A new tax was introduced on sike
a breverage made from rice.
In November 1,200,000 yen of amount was alloted from central fund and 2,600,000 yen ws
alloted in local budget for the redemption of the notes.The paper money issued
during this period was easily forged to increase the inflation.In 1868 the government
establish board of trade and gave permission to certain companies to discount on
paper money at 8 cities and funds were placed in their disposal who issue gold, silver,
dollar and coin certificates. Only Osaka and Kyoto were given permission to issue
fractional curency and which were inconvertible. Seeing the fractional currency was
facing shortage government issued paper money and copper coins. Except one yen in
notes all gold and silver certificates were convertible into their respective metals. In
1872 the ten companies which were given permission to issue discounts and paper
money in ten cities were liquidated with enormous loses but the government being the
originator and guaranteer has to bear the responsibility and claim for the liquidation
amount. In 1875 the government allowed the private notes to be convertible into
government notes and half the amount of the private notes. Under this circumstances the
government has issued loan bonds for the amount of 174,000,000 yen to pay the war lords
and pensioners in exchange for their old government bonds issued earlier.
There were some exceptions granted to second and fifteenth national banks, the above
banks were given permission to issue dollar certificates called as Yoginken for
the amount of 15,000,000 yen in the year of 1877.

RARE BANKNOTES IN AUCTIONS



BANK OF WESTERN INDIA which operated during the period of 1842-1845 A.D, The Central bank of Western India, The Central Bank of Western India Yokuhama Japan, damodhar rao musham, 

In 1852 America is decided to open a trade relations with Japan

THE CENTRAL BANK OF WESTERN 
INDIA. 
This notes were in
circulation in Japan and China region.
In 1852 America is decided to open a
 trade relations with Japan
either by talks or by force.Commander PERRY was sent on this mission with three steam ships namely Mississippi,Saratoga and Plymouth with a flag ship named SUSQUEHANNE. All these
ships sailed to Japan for an naval expedition on 8th July 1853 and they entered EDO BAY
and anchored at a distance of 1 kilometer from Uraga city. the Japanese samurai’s general shogun declined to meet the delegation of commander perry.
After threatening the Japanese government landed with 300 men and gave the message of
U.S. President Fillmore ,to the representatives of shogun.
The Perry treaty of friendship was signed on March 31st of 1854 which opened the
Japanese ports for U.S. trade. Nagasaki and Hakodate were opened first and later
yokohoma was thrown open for American trade later on yokohoma has become a main port for
transit of goods in to China, Japan, and the other countries in the neighborhood.
In the back drop of above incidents the British crown also cooperated with the Americans
as the Japanese started building their fleet by lifting a ban for the
construction of large ships and purchased many ships guns, arms and harmony from Dutch
to counter the American ships. In this circumstances the traders of Western
India who are doing trade from the port of Surat and Bombay along with the U.S. traders
have started a bank at Yokohoma, Japan and started issuing the bank notes under
the name and the style as THE CENTRAL BANK OF WESTERN INDIA. This notes were in
circulation in Japan and China region.

BANK OF WESTERN INDIA which operated during the period of 1842-1845 A.D. which bears a seen depicting town hall region of Bombay with St. Andrews Church.It also has palm tree the castle of Bombay along with few ships entering the Bombay harbor. This is issued for the value of Rs. 5/ and was canceled at several places on the note. The date on the note was May 18th 1844. According to the photo in the catalogue the signature portion of this Indian Note was eaten away by the black ink used on the day of the issue. The Central Bank of Western India was an important issue of the bank note throughout the world because it has a combination of links? with three nations. They are Japan, America and India, because of the high value denomination for which it was issued that is for 25$. This was a period of Turbulence in Japan, the attempts by Western States by many European nations along with America failed to achieve the trade relations with Japan diplomatically.

 BANK OF WESTERN INDIA which operated
during the period of 1842-1845 A.D. which bears a seen depicting town hall region of Bombay with St. Andrews Church.It also has palm tree the castle of Bombay along with few ships entering the Bombay harbor. This is issued for the value of Rs. 5/ and was canceled at several places on the note. The date on the note was May
18th 1844. According to the photo in the catalogue the signature portion of this
Indian Note was eaten away by the black ink used on the day of the issue.
The Central Bank of Western India was an important issue of the bank note throughout the
world because it has a combination of links? with three nations. They are
Japan, America and India, because of the high value denomination for which it was issued
that is for 25$.
This was a period of Turbulence in Japan, the attempts by Western States by many
European nations along with America failed to achieve the trade relations with
Japan diplomatically. 

THE CENTRAL BANK OF WESTERN INDIA 1866 ON 9 FEBRUARY 1866

THE CENTRAL BANK OF WESTERN INDIA 1866 ON 9 FEBRUARY 1866
This is a unique note issued with combination of several countries links. The note was
issued in 1866 at yokohoma in Japan and the name on the note is the Central
Bank of Western India with value of 25$. The note was printed in London by Sprague and
Co., The date of the issue of this bank notes was written by black pen dated 9th
February 1866. The signature on the note was of Mr.J. Morrison. The note bears the
vignate of a lady carrying a seal and a palm tree with a backdrop of hills and few sailing
ships. The note also carries few cotton bales and jewelery.The note is fixed into the frame with inscriptions in Japanese all over the frame and
four blocks WITH Japanese inscription fixed to the four corners of bank notes.
“”The note is canceled with a rubber stamp.””
Even though there is a bank which was named as BANK OF WESTERN INDIA which operated
during the period of 1842-1845 A.D. which bears a seen depicting town hall region of Bombay with St. Andrews Church.It also has palm tree the castle of Bombay along with few ships entering the Bombay harbor. This is issued for the value of Rs. 5/ and was canceled at several places on the note. The date on the note was May
18th 1844. 

Yokuhama,The Central bank of Western india 1866

Yokuhama,The Central bank of Western india 1866

Yokohama banknote history
It was issued under JAPAN and cat under japan PS26 or226? that pick not readily available
year is 1866 2feb on note rather big article i could not condense it you write as u like
so i get good impression that i know about banking and not a novice now saw lot of spelling
mistakes here sorry for my ex typist has done it 10years back
i am writing an booklet on Japanese banking history from 1800onwards hope u help in
giving suggestions i will come back to u soon in this mail address only
THE CENTRAL BANK OF WESTERN INDIA 1866 ON 9 FEBRUARY 1866
This is a unique note issued with combination of several countries links. The note was
issued in 1866 at yokohoma in Japan and the name on the note is the Central
Bank of Western India with value of 25$. The note was printed in London by Sprague and
Co., The date of the issue of this bank notes was written by black pen dated 9th
February 1866. The signature on the note was of Mr.J. Morrison. The note bears the
vignate of a lady carrying a seal and a palm tree with a backdrop of hills and few sailing
ships. The note also carries few cotton bales and jewelery.The note is fixed into the frame with inscriptions in Japanese all over the frame and
four blocks WITH Japanese inscription fixed to the four corners of bank notes.
“”The note is canceled with a rubber stamp.””
Even though there is a bank which was named as BANK OF WESTERN INDIA which operated
during the period of 1842-1845 A.D. which bears a seen depicting town hall region of Bombay with St. Andrews Church.It also has palm tree the castle of Bombay along with few ships entering the Bombay harbor. This is issued for the value of Rs. 5/ and was canceled at several places on the note. The date on the note was May
18th 1844. According to the photo in the catalogue the signature portion of this
Indian Note was eaten away by the black ink used on the day of the issue.
The Central Bank of Western India was an important issue of the bank note throughout the
world because it has a combination of links? with three nations. They are
Japan, America and India, because of the high value denomination for which it was issued
that is for 25$.
This was a period of Turbulence in Japan, the attempts by Western States by many
European nations along with America failed to achieve the trade relations with
Japan diplomatically. In 1852 America is decided to open a trade relations with Japan
either by talks or by force.Commander PERRY was sent on this mission with three steam ships namely Mississippi,Saratoga and Plymouth with a flag ship named SUSQUEHANNE. All these
ships sailed to Japan for an naval expedition on 8th July 1853 and they entered EDO BAY
and anchored at a distance of 1 kilometer from Uraga city. the Japanese samurai’s general shogun declined to meet the delegation of commander perry.
After threatening the Japanese government landed with 300 men and gave the message of
U.S. President Fillmore ,to the representatives of shogun.
The Perry treaty of friendship was signed on March 31st of 1854 which opened the
Japanese ports for U.S. trade.

japan,usa,india,links on this banknotes very rare banknote of japan

japan,usa,india,links on this banknotes very rare banknote of japan

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world
SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,
japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,yokuhoma banknote,
The above banknote was issued by the Central Bank of Western India at Yokohama, Japan. It
was printed in London by Batho Sprague and Company and has a handwritten date of 9th
February 1866. The signature on the note was that of J. Morrison and the design contains a
vignette of a woman holding a balance scale, palm trees, cotton bales, jewelry and a
backdrop of hills and sailing ships. The note is cancelled with a rubber stamp.
A bank named BANK OF WESTERN INDIA, which operated during the period of 1842-1845 A.D. was
not related to this issue.
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America
and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great
turbulence in Japan.
During this period there were a number of attempts by western powers to establish relations
with Japan. In 1852 the USA government decided to initiate trade relations with Japan and
was prepared to use force if negotiation failed. Commander Matthew Perry was sent on a
mission with three steam ships, the Mississippi, Sarotogo and Plymouth along with a flag
ship named Susquehanna. They sailed to Japan on 8th July 1853 entering Edo Bay they anchored
at a distance of 1 kilometer from Uraga City but the Japanese Shogun declined to meet the
delegation of commander Perry. After threatening the Japanese government they landed with
300 men and transmitted a message from U.S. President Fillmore to the representatives of
shogun.
It took more than 6 month of consideration by the Japanese government and Perry’s treaty of
friendship was signed by Japan on March 31st of 1854, opening Japanese ports for U.S. trade.
Nagasaki and Hakodate were the first ports used followed later by Yokohama. Yokohama became
a main port and transit point for goods into Japan, China and the other countries in the
region.
During this period the British Crown cooperated with the Americans as the Japanese started
building their fleet after lifting a ban for the construction of large ships. They purchased
many ships guns and arms from the Dutch to counter the American ships.
In this new environment, traders from Western India sailed from the ports of Surat and
Bombay. Along with the U.S. traders they agreed to start a bank at Yokohama, Japan under the
name of THE CENTRAL BANK OF WESTERN INDIA with a branch in Hong Kong. These notes are known
to have circulated in Japan and China.
On 4 January 1868 the Shogunate was abolished
At this time most banknotes were issued by Commercial Banks rather than by a Central Bank.
Regulations for banknote issue in nineteenth-century Japan and China were loosely
controlled. The government accepted payments for taxes and fees in banknotes only if from
banks incorporated by Royal Charter or under the Colonial Regulations. This requirement did
not prevent other banks from issuing notes, however, banknotes of denominations below $5
were not allowed without special government permission. This was to prevent banknotes
getting into the hands of poorer people, who would suffer more in the event of a bank
collapse. Three note issuing banks did, in fact, collapse in the nineteenth century, the
Agra and Masterman’s Bank, the Commercial Bank Corporation of India and the East during the
global financial crisis of 1866, as well as the Oriental Bank Corporation, one of the main
note issuers in 1884.
You can contact the Agent of this banknote for sale or other details MR chang at chang911@lycos.com,
CM We gratefully acknowledge numismondo.com who provided the above image and background

Admiral Perry’s expedition to JAPAN



YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world
SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,
japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,yokuhoma banknote,
Admiral Perry’s expedition brought a camera to Japan in 1853. Admiral Perry of the United States arrived with his warships in Japan in 1853 (after the US informed the Japanese, through the Dutch in 1852 that they would be arriving the next year). Between 1852 and 1853, before Admiral Perry’s arrival in Japan, there had been many articles written in American and European newspapers speculating on what effect his arrival would have on potential trade with Japan. The London Times, most notable, wrote a major article on this topic in 1852. Admiral Perry’s arrival was not unexpected, as is often mis-published. Admiral Perry’s photographer took an estimated 100 photographs in Japan in 1853 and brought these photographs back to America. Sadly, in 1857, the Washington warehouse where the photographs were stored, burnt to the ground and the photographs are said to have been lost. However, before this historically tragic event occurred, etchings of Japan were made from the photographs and published in a special report to Congress in 1856 and 1857. It should be noted that at that time, a method of printing photographs in a book had still not been developed so that all photographs had to be published in etched format. It is this writers belief that it is possible that an original photograph of Admiral Perry’s visit to Japan could still exist. Perhaps a member of the expeditions family has one or perhaps a photograph might have been given by Perry to the Japanese delegation
Matthew Perry (1794-1858), American naval officer, who commanded the expedition that established United States relations with Japan. Matthew Calbraith Perry was born on April 10, 1794, in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, the brother of Oliver Hazard Perry. He began his naval career as midshipman at the age of 15; he advanced to lieutenant in 1813 and to commander in 1826. He supervised the construction of the first naval steamship, the Fulton, and upon its completion in 1837 he took command with the rank of captain. He was promoted to commodore in 1842. In 1846-1847 he commanded the Gulf squadron during the Mexican War.
In 1853 Perry was sent on the mission to Japan, a country that had been closed to outsiders since the 17th century. On July 8, he led a squadron of four ships into Tokyo Bay and presented representatives of the emperor with the text of a proposed commercial and friendship treaty. To give the reluctant Japanese court time to consider the offer, he then sailed for China. With an even more powerful fleet, he returned to Tokyo in February 1854. The treaty, signed on March 31, 1854, provided that humane treatment be extended to sailors shipwrecked in Japanese territory, that U.S. ships be permitted to buy coal in Japan, and that the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate be opened to U.S. commerce. Perry’s mission ended Japan’s isolation, a prerequisite for its subsequent development into a modern nation. Perry died in New York City on March 4, 1858.
More from Encarta

Year wise events of JAPAN 1853-1899

Year wise events of JAPAN 1853-1899


YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world
SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,
japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,yokuhoma banknote,
JAPAN Events from 1853 to 1899
1853 Commodore Perry arrives in Edo Bay (july 8)
Shogun Ieyoshi dies: succeeded by Iesada
1854 Perry returns to Japan from China (February 12)
1856 Townsend Harris arrives in Shimoda
1857 Harris granted audience before the Shogun
1858 Shogun Iesada dies; succeeded by Iemochi
1861 Harris’s secretary murdered British legation attacked twice
1862 C.L. Richardsom killed System of Sankin- Kotai relaxed
1863 Choshu forts fire on foreign ships; American and French ships bombard Choshu forts
1864 Allied fleet bombards Shimonoseki forts
1865 Emperor agrees to ratify 1858 treaties
1866 Secret Satsuma-Choshu alliance formes
Shogun Iemochi dies; succeeded by Keiki, fifteenth and last Shogun
1867 Emperor KOmei dies: succeeded by Mutsuhito
Keiki relinquishes powers to Mutsuhito: Tokugawa rule ends
1868 Meiji Restoration Imperial (Charter) Oath proclaimed
1869 Daimya surrender lands to the Emperor
1870 Construction of Japan’s first railway begins
1871 Feudalism formally abolished Ministry of Education set up Iwakura mission sent to the West
1872 Compulsory education under state control
1873 Iwakura mission returns Universal land tax in money introduced
Creation of modern army based on conscription
1875 Assembly of Prefectural Governors established
1877 Satsuma Rebellion
1878 Prefectural Assemblies established
1880 Municipal Assemblies formed Sale of government factories to private firms begins
1881 Hokkaido Scandal First political parties formed
1885 First cabinet formed
1886 Important Education Act
1888 Privy Council formed
1889 Meiji Constitution proclaimed
1890 Imperial Rescript on Education First Diet opened
1899 Extraterritoriality abolished

ORIENTAL BANK:three sorts of business for all bank customers .

ORIENTAL BANK:three sorts of business for all bank customers

YOKUHAMA BANKNOTE 1866 25 $ ,JAPAN,USA,INDIA LINK very rare banknote of japan
The Central Bank of Western India was an important bank because it related to Japan, America and India. The high value of $25 was significant as it was issued during a time of great turbulence in Japan,USA,INDIA and world
SEE HISTORY OF HOW JAPANESE AMERICAN INDIA BANKNOTES,PRINTED AS JAPAN BANKNOTES,
japan banknotes,rare japan banknotes,Central bank of Western India,american rare banknotes,World rare banknotes,yokohama specie banknotes,indian banknotes,hansatsu,yokuhoma banknote,
ORIENTAL BANK:three sorts of business for all bank customers,
Fortunately the Oriental Bank Corporation advertised regularly in the local papers, some of which survive giving invaluable details of the business they were prepared to transactYokohoma.The Oriental Bank advetisements suggest that western banking made available to their customers three sorts of business. The first, and probably most important as well as largest, business was foreign exchange services, which were still beyond the capacities ofryogae.The Oriental Bank could grant drafts not exceeding six months’ sight on London and those on demand on Scotland and Ireland. In the case of the Oriental Bank,drafts on New Zealand,San Francisco,New York and Paris were also available through its branches,agencies and correspondents. The Bank also issued on behalf of customers circular notes for the use of travellers or, probably something between the letter of credit and traveller’s cheque, which were negotiable in any city of importance throughout theworld.The foreign exchange services were used by the bakufu missions abroad.
The rest of the business wa accepting deposits and granting advances. The Oriental Bank offered two types of deposits current and fixed (page 18) accounts. Neither interest nor commission was charged on current accounts. The term of fixed account was twelve months and the holder of the account was given the receipt. For the deposit customer, the Bank gave service of collecting papers payable inYokohoma.There were two methods of advances. The Bank discounted bills,notes and other negotiable papers payable in Yokohoma, which had to have at least two approved names on them. Another method was advances granted on bullion and non-perishable merchandise.All transactions were effected in Mexico dollars, but there is no evidence from the foreign banks present in Yokohoma before the Restoration of how much business they actually did.There remains no evidence, either, about their business connections with Japanese merchants. As far as Japanese financial arrangements with the foreigners inYokohoma were connected, the bakufu ordered that they would be done exclusively through Mitsui. For western bankers, there would not be any chance of contacting Japanese merchants directly, particularly concerning their domestic demands. Nevertheless, despite these restraints, several of these banks and their staff were destined to play an important role in assisting theearly Meiji administration to understand money and banking matters.

Wednesday, November 4, 2015

インドでのフライトO祭りの期間中、我々はすべての金ありません

//yokuhama1866.blogspot:ライトの祭りの期間中、インドで我々はすべての金を購入する、思考への良い前兆のための金の部分は25$1866年のhttp横浜の紙幣の私のブログを参照してください詳細は、世界中の金iallの歴史を共有します。中/

Tuesday, November 3, 2015

Balinese Girl’ (75 g), which is one of four decorative ‘Art Ingots’, and ‘$10: The Government of the Strait Settlement’(41 g), one of four decorative ingots depicting historical banknotes.

Singapore Mint in 1994 - ‘Balinese Girl’ (75 g), which is one of four decorative ‘Art Ingots’, and ‘$10: The Government of the Strait Settlement’(41 g), one of four decorative ingots depicting historical banknotes.

‘Fine Art’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays two series of innovative gold proof bars with a gold purity of 99.99%, which were minted.

They are available in MOre than 100 different styles and designs in 3 categories designated: ‘man’, ‘woman’ and ‘unisex’. Straps can be in gold, steel or leather.

KINEGRAM™ is the trade mark of the security device developed by Landis & Gyr Communications.

‘Bullion Watch’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays a remarkable range of ‘bullion watches’ pioneered by Pamp SA (Switzerland) that are designed to be  traded, like bullion bars or coins, according to the prevailing value of their fine gold content. Launched internationally in

Hong Kong in 1994, they incorporate circular dials which contain either 1 oz or � oz of 99.99% gold. They are available in   MOre than 100 different styles and designs in 3 categories designated: ‘man’, ‘woman’ and ‘unisex’. Straps can be in gold,  steel or leather.

‘Heart’ Gold Bars

‘Heart’ Gold Bars

Innovative ‘heart’ bars, defined as heart-shaped or incorporating a heart design, were first made by Pamp SA in 1994, the outcome of a World Gold Council initiative in Singapore. The ‘heart’ bars of ARY Traders (UAE), launched in 1997, have

aroused much interest in UAE, Pakistan and India and the Exhibition displays ‘heart’ bars from both manufacturers.

‘Kinebars™’

Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), through its subsidiary refinery, Argor-Heraeus SA, has applied a KINEGRAM™ as a security device to the reverse of its minted bars since December 1993. This new bar is called kinebar? and a range of UBS kinebars? are shown.

‘Double Pendant’ Gold Bars

‘Double Pendant’ Gold Bars
In 1996, Pamp (Switzerland) launched ‘double-pendant’ bars in the Middle East. They are available in three weights (10 g, 7.5 g and 5 g) with two inner shapes: heart and circular and the Exhibition displays a variety of double pendant bars.

‘Bank’ Gold Bars

Many banks issue minted bars, marked with their own name but manufactured by an external manufacturer. In Europe and Brazil,minted ‘bank’ bars are widely available and a variety are on display.

‘Commemorative’ Gold Bars

Some accredited manufacturers, most notably Degussa (Germany) and Degussa (Brazil), issue minted bars commemorating important national or international events. The minting of ‘commemorative’ bars, incorporating the mark of the accredited manufacturer, is not yet widespread but a selection of commemorative bars are displayed.

‘Gold Fillet’ Bars‘Pendant’ Gold Bars Degussa (Germany) is recorded as the first

‘Gold Fillet’ Bars

The ‘Gold Fillet’ bars, which are manufactured from thin rolled gold strips, are sometimes produced to display the official stamps of ‘400 oz’ (12.5 kg) bars where they are not used in the manufacture of smaller bars. The Exhibition displays two

‘gold fillet’ bars produced by Australian Gold Refineries at its Perth and Kalgoorlie refineries. They illustrate the official stamps and other markings which appear only on its London Good Delivery ‘400 oz’ bars.

‘Pendant’ Gold Bars

Degussa (Germany) is recorded as the first among accredited manufacturers to have manufactured in 1978 a minted bar in an

unconventional (hexagonal) shape and incorporating a hole to facilitate its use as a pendant. In 1984, Pamp (Switzerland)

expanded the concept, pioneering the production of minted bars in many unusual shapes, as well as incorporating hangers. The

Exhibition displays pendant bars by a variety of manufacturers..

Fine Gold Cards Fine gold cards pioneered by Mitsubishi Japan

Fine Gold Cards
Fine gold cards, pioneered by Mitsubishi (Japan) in the mid-1980s, enable multi-coloured printed designs to be applied to  their smooth surfaces. Although gold cards up to 1000 g are available, the 1 g card is the most widely sold in Japan and  cards issued by a variety of Japanese manufacturers are on display.
‘Bone’ Gold Bars
The Exhibition displays an innovative 100 g cast bar in an unconventional ‘bone’ shape which was manufactured by Degussa (Brazil) in 1982

‘Gold Leaf’ Bars HONG KONG

‘Gold Leaf’ Bars HONGKONG
From the 1930s until the end of the Vietnam war in 1975, unusual ‘gold leaf’ bars were widely manufactured in Vietnam. Their thinness makes them extremely portable, easily placed inside shoes, sewn into the lining of clothes or rolled into narrow tubes. Thousands of these bars, smuggled by Vietnamese refugees, were sold to gold dealers, mainly in South East Asia. The standard bar weighs around 15 g.


The Exhibition displays gold leaf 
bars which are on loan from the Kenneth Yeung Collection, King Fook Finance Co Ltd, Hong Kong.

‘Twin-Coin’ Gold Bars Yoo Long Kim Kee (Thailand) was the first to manufacture a decorative cast bar to a precise weight through injecting gold into an enclosed mould under pressure.

‘Koban’ Gold Bars
Tokuriki Honten (Japan) has manufactured attractive ‘Koban’ bars since the early 1960s, ranging from 5 g to 50 g. The bars  commemorate the oval shape of traditional Japanese gold coinage issued between the 16th and 19th centuries.
‘Twin-Coin’ Gold Bars
Yoo Long Kim Kee (Thailand) was the first to manufacture a decorative cast bar to a precise weight through injecting gold into an enclosed mould under pressure. The Exhibition displays an experimental 1 baht bar, described as a ‘twin-coin’ bar, which was manufactured in 1992.

‘Hologram’ Gold Bars,‘Rainbow’ Gold Bars,‘Yin-Yang’ Gold Bars

‘Hologram’ Gold Bars,‘Rainbow’ Gold Bars,‘Yin-Yang’ Gold Bars
Pamp (Switzerland) pioneered the application of multi-coloured hologram designs to minted bars in 1990. These bars, popular in the Middle East, are now distributed worldwide and a variety of hologram bars are on display. 
‘Rainbow’ Gold Bars
Mitsubishi (Japan) is the pioneer manufacturer of multi-coloured ‘rainbow’ bars. The manufacturing process combines different carat gold colour tones in order to create an infinite variety of attractive patterns. The Exhibition displays experimental  bars, made in 1993, which illustrate ‘rainbow’, ‘woodgrain’, ‘textile’ and ‘polka dot’ patterns. The bar purity is 75% (18  carat).
‘Yin-Yang’ Gold Bars
Several unusual ‘Yin-Yang’ bars issued by Ishifuku (Japan) in 1993 are displayed. These two innovative ‘kidney’ shaped bars  depict the Zen religious symbol representing the harmony of opposites.

Chi Gold Bars is a Vietnamese unit of weight. 1 chi weighs 3.75 g.

Chi Gold Bars
The chi is a Vietnamese unit of weight. 1 chi weighs 3.75 g. 10 chi (or 1 cay or 1 luong) weighs 37.5 g. Pamp (Switzerland)was the first among accredited manufacturers to produce a range of chi denominated minted bars for Vietnam. The Exhibition

displays a variety of chi bars.Decorative Gold Bars
The application of an attractive decorative design to the reverse side of a standard minted bar has occurred only since around 1980. The manufacture of decorative minted bars is dominated by accredited manufacturers in Switzerland, Germany and Brazil and several are exhibited.

‘Biscuit’ Bars - The most popular tael bar weight is the 5 tael ‘biscuit’ cast bar (6 oz or 187 g). 5 tael ‘biscuits’,

‘Biscuit’ Bars - The most popular tael bar weight is the 5 tael ‘biscuit’ cast bar (6 oz or 187 g). 5 tael ‘biscuits’,

manufactured in Hong Kong and accredited to the Chinese Gold & Silver Exchange (founded in 1910), are traded in large

quantities. Minted tael bars, normally made outside Hong Kong, are also available.

‘Doughnut’ Bars - Tael bars, described as ‘doughtnuts’, are available in 3 small sizes, �, 1 and 2 taels. The ‘doughnut’

shape is a traditional Chinese shape for coinage. The hole enables many bars to be securely stacked together on wooden rods

or bound together with string.

Baht Gold Bars
The baht is a Thai unit of weight. The most popular bar is the 10 baht cast bar, equivalent to 150.4 g or 4.9 oz. The

traditional gold purity of baht bars is unusual: 96.5%. The Exhibition displays baht bars issued by a variety of

manufacturers.
Tola Gold Bars
The tola is an Indian unit of weight. The most popular weight is the 10 tola cast bar, equivalent to 3.75 oz or 116.64 g.

More than 2 million are manufactured annually. Tola bars, most of which are imported from Europe, are widely traded in the

Middle East, India, Pakistan and Singapore.

10 tola bars are distinctive in two ways. They have smooth rounded edges and are an ideal size for smuggling, if necessary

inside the smuggler’s body. They have no serial numbers. Round minted tola bars are often incorporated into jewellery,

especially in Pakistan where ‘marriage necklaces’ can weigh 500 g or more. The Exhibition displays tola bars issued by a

variety of manufacturers.